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Italy (Italian: Italia), or officially the Italian Republic (Repubblica Italiana), in southern Europe, mainly Italy is a country located on the Peninsula. The two largest islands of the Mediterranean, Sicily and Sardinia are the Italian territory. In the northern Alps in France, Switzerland, has land borders with Austria and Slovenia. Two independent European countries of Italy, the Vatican and San Marino are stuck into the ground enklav peninsula (surrounded entirely by another country) are the countries. Campione d'Italia in Switzerland remains a region of Italy eksklavıdır if (apart from the main land ownership).

Italy, for centuries has hosted a variety of European civilization. Etruscans and the ancient homeland of the Romans in Italy In addition to its own territory, the Renaissance movement was born in Tuscany in Italy and all Europe was spread here. Italy's capital Rome was the center of Western civilization for centuries, has witnessed the birth of üslûbunun baroque architecture and has traditionally been the center of the Catholic Church.

Today, Italy is a republic with democracy is being managed, and countries nominal GDP per person twentieth sıralamsında, [1] human development index ranking twentieth, quality of life index is a developed country in the eighth. Italy, 1957yılında capital Rome Treaty of Rome established the European Union, signed by the founding members of the political and economic organization. The G8 Summit, the seventh largest gross domestic product, NATO, the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development, Council of Europe, the Western European Union and the Schengen Treaty are among the participants. Capacity of the permanent members on January 1, 2007 without the UN Security Council will take a two-year membership period has begun.

Italy is the origin of the name

The origin of the word Italy (Italian: Italia) is based on the Latin word Italia. [2] However, in itself, mean that the word is uncertain. Widely believed that argument, one of Italy the word ancient in the Campania region north of the living community language through the ancient Greek, the Víteliú (meaning the young cattle, Latin: Vitulus - calf), the word comes from suggests. Víteliú word was given on behalf of Mars, the god of the animals. [3] Most likely, however, as the figure of a bull for many years been the symbol of the southern Italian boy, and often the horns of Rome, while the figure was described as wolf. These descriptions as a symbol of Italy's independent Samnite Wars are often used.

First of the name only to Italy today to describe a region in southern Italy were used. The name of the peninsula by Antiochus'a Sirakuzalı Calabria (Bruttium with those of contemporary name) was used for the southern part. Name of the surrounding region in Italy in time to cover a wide area was acquired. The ancient Greek name of this wider region that they called for the use of this name is also used in a way to tell the whole peninsula, but was Romans conquered the region.

History

Born in Italy

Prehistoric and Roman Empire

Main article: Ancient Rome

Traces of human presence on the peninsula of Italy of the Italic tribes of the peninsula before reaching considerably, up to 200 thousand years ago is based on the New Stone Age. [5] Lombardiya'daki BC in the valley Val Camonica In 8000 the pictures were carved into the rock. BC Around the years 1500-1100 in northern Italy are traces of the Bronze Age culture Terramare axes, swords and daggers have survived with such objects. BC Iron Age, while the samples 11-7. Tuscany, located in the vicinity of the centuries between the Villinova belong to a culture.

BC 800 years after the Etruscan civilization emerged in the Italian peninsula before the Roman culture that has emerged is the most important cultures. There are many different hypotheses about the origin of Etruscans. Indo-European language they spoke a language not known. Dâhildi Etruscan territory of the city of Rome itself. M. Ö. 396 is the largest city in Veio Etruscans by the Romans invaded the city of this civilization, whose son, Roman culture was marked by the Roman culture, architecture and art has made a huge impact.

In more recent periods, 8 and 7 century Italy and Sicily in the south coast of the peninsula in the Greek Islands of the colonial city founded in this region was heavily settled by Greeks. Therefore, the Romans and later to the Magna Graecia region (Turkish: United Greece) gave the name. [6] [7] [8] Ancient Rome, in BC since 8. Century was founded as a small farming village, but through the centuries as the growth state of the entire Mediterranean civilization, has taken a tremendous çeveleyen. Captured in areas dominated by the Greek culture of Roman culture created by combining a common civilization, law, government, art and philosophy today is the basis of contemporary European civilization has created a floor. During almost 12 centuries of Roman civilization which has survived from a monarchy to a democracy and the composition of the oligarchy and the republic, then an autocratic empire has become. Roman Empire declined and collapsed over time. Hispania, Gaul and Italy, the western empire into space 5 century, was divided into independent kingdoms. 476 in the west end of empire and the fall of Rome, accepted since the Middle Ages.

Medieval

AD Italian Peninsula 6. century Byzantine Emperor Justinian in the short term by Ostragotlardan back after taking into Italy began a new wave of Germanic tribes. In this process, the Lombards in northern Italy and settled there to come. For centuries the armies of Byzantium, the Arabs, the Holy Roman Empire and the Papal States to prevent the building of a united Kingdom of Italy was in power. The Byzantine Roman Empire, but also to regain their former territories also lacked power. Nevertheless, during the Middle Ages in Italy over the balance of power among the various states or dynasties were varied.

Italy's 19 regions century, remained much or as an independent government or governments of neighboring states were below. During this vacuum of authority was a lot of Italian cities and towns in the anarchic conditions, according to the feudal system was run separated from each other. Italy in this period was known for trading republics. This city-states governed by the oligarchy of traders were privileged to have management. Venice, Genoa, Pisa and Amalfi's maritime trade in this period are the leading cities.

Venice and Genoa, particularly in trade was the gateway to Eastern Europe. Venice, a species unique to the region was famous for producing glass. Florence, silk, wool, banking and jewelry was one of the leading centers. Maritime city-states along the East also held the Crusades were also the leading force.

Kelly's death as the aforementioned 1348, dated the plague, the Italian population, almost one-third by killing Italy's history marked was. [9] This outbreak wounds wrapped after the Italian cities to trade the economic field has grown. A subsequent improvement in this situation has created conditions of humanism and the Renaissance movement.

Medieval times, the last in Italy even smaller city-states and regions were divided: Kingdom of Naples in Italy in the south of effective power was Florentine Republic and the Papal States in central Italy ruled had been, Genoa and Milan, north-west have a voice that was difficult, Venice and the east Italy 'was also effective. 15. century Italy is Europe's most densely populated regions of the Renaissance movement in arts and the doğumyeridir. Dante Alighieri (1265-1321), Francesco Petrarch (1304-1374) and Giovanni Boccaccio (1313-1375 y.) 's writings and Giotto di Bondone (1267-1337)' s picture of the culture and art movements, especially as the center of Florence is observed. During this period, Niccolò de 'Niccoli and Poggio Bracciolini in the library of thinkers such as Plato, Aristotle, Euclid, Ptolemy, Cicero and Vitruvius had studied the works of such famous ancient Greek philosopher.

VIII, King of France in 1494. Charles, 16, in order to conquer Spain century, which will last till the first leg of a series of attacks began. At the end of this attack and compete with the winner of Spain by the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis happened. Thus Spain, the Duchy of Milan and Naples on the Kingdom has become the dominant power. Be a more effective power over the situation after Italy, Austria Utrech Treaty passed. Austria in northern Italy under the influence of a strong economic dynamism and intellectual vitality occurred. The French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars (1796-1815) between the Italian equity, democracy, law and international consciousness being awakened such thoughts.

Merger

19. I. In the early years of the century Italy Are occupied by Napoleon came under French influence. French invasion of Italy before the Vienna Convention governing dynasty was expected to be returned. Thus the Papal States, Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont, Tuscany, Grand Duke BlueTec Duchy of Modena and was re-established the Kingdom of Lombardy and Venice. Carbonari secret societies, however, called for the unification of Italy began to work. Giuseppe Mazzini and Giuseppe Garibaldi's unification movement were among the pioneers. II, also king of Sardinia. Victor Emmanuel was among those who support this merger movement.

Austria's hand was in Lombardy in 1848. In Italy to combine the Italian managed to get the support of France, in 1859 together with France and Austria was defeated in Zurich on November 11 1859 peace treaty between Austria and Piedmont were performed. Accordingly, Austria, gave Lombardiya'yı Piyemonte'ye. Venice, including the creation of a confederation between the other Italian States, and honorary president of the confederation of the pope, was considered to be de facto head of Piedmont. After a small state in northern Italy also decided to join Piyemonte'ye. Thus all the northern and central Italy had joined Piyemonte'ye. 1870 Rome and 1886 in Venice, Italy are included in the union. Results Italian National Association for the involvement of these was completed. Kingdom of Italy was established.

20. and 21 centuries

Italy, Roman period, the first time after becoming a single country could. 20th at the new Italian kingdom As industry developed rapidly becoming century northern Italy, southern Italy population is rising rapidly and millions of people for a better life yurdışına was looking for ways to migrate. Constitution issued in 1861 in the country, many people would provide basic rights and freedoms. But other than that it was right to vote and not be rich and uneducated people did not have the right to vote. Then, in 1913, states were granted the vote to all men. Thus the socialist party, the liberal and conservative defeat became the main political parties. 19. Starting from the last two decades of the century and other European countries such as Italy went to the colony recovery path. The Tripoli War against the Ottoman Devleti'na won. Dodecanese Islands in western Turkey, Africa, Libya, Ethiopia and Somalia, the colonial occupation has made in some countries. [10] I. Before the war began, the world that Italy declared neutrality, as a result, between 1915 to the London Pact, joined the Entente States. Italy enters war on the condition Trento, Trieste, Istria, Dalmatia and parts of the Ottoman Empire was promised. 600 000 Italian soldiers lost their lives during the war and Italy's economy has collapsed. At the end of the war in Italy most of the promises were not kept. St. Germain Treaty with Italy, although the winner by only Trento, Trieste and Bolzano'yu could get. These results led to discontent among the Italian community was.

I. Verification of the destruction caused by World War II after the environment, the confusion, the 1917 October Revolution, the movement of the fire has created an environment of anarchy and chaos. Concerned about a socialist revolution led by the liberal ideas of Benito Mussolini founded a small National Fascist Party. October 1922 the fascists attempted a coup against their king. King, the army not to resist the subversive power of direction, and gave orders to cooperate with Mussolini went his way. Mussolini in the next few years, he closed all political parties by limiting personal freedoms and some of his dictatorship, he declared. Italy Abyssinia in 1935 following a process of resistance, then a relatively long occupied and when the League of Nations was involved in the incident. In contrast fascist Italy, Nazist and cooperation agreement with Germany went his way. Was the first treaty with Nazi Germany in 1936. Pact of Steel in 1938 came after. Spanish Civil War in Italy, supported by the end Franco'u. Austria and Czechoslovakia to Hitler's Germany also backed the initiative to be connected.